Day 5 & 6: Beaked Whales & Black-browed Albatross

Cetaceans were thin on the ground for most of today and yesterday, however those few sightings that we did have were quite exciting. Towards yesterday evening, we encountered yet another group of Bottlenose Dolphins, about 30 strong with plenty of juveniles. We broke track to attempt some photo IDs from the ship as it was too choppy to safely launch the RIB. These dolphins were associating with 17 Pilot Whales. Unfortunately, they were not very approachable - a recurring theme with bottlenose dolphins in offshore waters it seems. The day finished off nicely with close views of a large whale, most likely a Fin Whale, traveling steadily southward. The increasing swell and fading light made species ID impossible, but Sperm Whale and Humpback were discounted with confidence. 

Today we saw our first probable beaked whale sighting. Conditions were tricky when a large cetacean was seen lob-tailing and breaching amongst some Common Dolphins. The unidentified whale had a creamish-yellow tinge and was far too large to be any of the dolphin species. The sighting was recorded as probable beaked whale. Just 2 hours earlier, the ship broke track to pull alongside a floating whale carcass. On close inspection we were confident that this was a Cuvier's Beaked Whale (and very evidently a male...), sporting fist-sized cluster of stalked barnacles on each tooth. A biopsy dart lashed to a boat hook served as a handy sampling device and a skin sample was taken for genetics. 

Dead Cuvier's beaked whale, 150nm southwest of Ireland. (C) Randal Counihan

Careful maneuvering of the ship allowed us to take a skin sample for genetic analysis (C) Randal Counihan

Bird activity slowed right down today for the most part with very few Gannets & just a steady trickle of Kittiwakes. Small numbers of Great Skuas were still to be found however & 2 Puffins provided further interest. A group of c.60 Fulmars seen scavenging on the Cuvier's Beaked Whale carcass was the largest single total of that species recorded on the trip to date whilst 4 'Blue' birds were also noted throughout the day. 

This increase in Fulmar action might have been the ornithological highlight of the day if it wasn't for the sighting of an immature BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS that made a pass in front of the bow of the R.V. Celtic Explorer at 11:40am before tearing off West (our position at the time of sighting was approx. 160 nautical miles SW of Mizen Head, along the northern edge of the Goban Spur).

For those of us that were below deck during the initial sighting, some tantalising views were had as it arced high over the horizon at a distance of 1km. Fortunately the bird re-appeared close in (at tremendous speed!) and made another venture right alongside the vessel for all to see at no more than 100m!!! After trailing for a few minutes it departed once again & slinked off into the distance.

Black-browed Albatross is an extremely rare vagrant in the North Atlantic & are normally found cruising around the sub-Antarctic seas. There have only been 14 previous records of this species from Ireland, most of which were seen passing west coast headlands in autumn. Truely a once in a life time experience...unless you're Conor, who has now seen two in this area!

Black-browed Albatross (C) Conor Ryan

Black-browed Albatross (C) Conor Ryan

Black-browed Albatross (C) Conor Ryan

Black-browed Albatross (C) Derek McLoughlin

Conor Ryan & Niall Keogh, happy as...

...Larry, who also saw the Albatross! (C) Joanne O'Brien

Blog post by Conor Ryan & Niall Keogh

Basking Sharks on the Frontier

A basking shark, the second largest shark in the world,  was spotted yesterday just 50m off the Celtic Explorer's bow at 11.30 in the morning (approx. 330km SW of Ireland)! This early in the season, a basking shark sighting this far offshore is rather unusual and provides invaluable data on basking shark distribution patterns. From archival tracking studies we know that basking sharks show extensive migrations across the Northeast Atlantic, thereby frequently moving along the Continental shelf edge. However, being a seasonal visitor to coastal waters around the British and Irish coasts (Irish Sea, Clyde Sea, Hebridean Sea, Celtic Sea and the English Channel)  in late spring, surface sightings are usually not reported until the sharks move closer to shore.

Illustration of basking shark dorsal fin tagging and a non-invasive mucus sampling technique: a scourer attached to an extendable pole. (C) Emmet Johnston, 2010. 

Basking sharks are filter feeders and often surface-feed when plankton is brought up to the upper water column, therefore, a basking shark out here is great news and we are now hoping to come across more sharks to deploy number tags to monitor movement, and to collect mucus scrapings for seascape genomics of this highly mobile shark.

Blog post by Lilian Lieber.

Night 4: Exploring The Deep

Monday night 4 sampling stations were covered by the Plankton Team. The maximum depth that was reached was 2,916m. Similar species to the previous nights were found again including barrel salps (jellies), polychaetes (worms), isopods, amphipods, euphasiids (krill) and chaetognaths (arrow worms).

Plankton sample (C) Lilian Lieber

Plankton sample (C) Lilian Lieber

An interesting CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth, oxygen and fluorescence sensor) profile was generated on Monday night on the final station which covered a depth of 2,916m. The profile showed the differences in surface waters and those at depth. These readings can be used to determine the origin of water masses. A low oxygen signal at 800-1000m corresponded to a peak in salinity values at the same depth. This is most likely the Mediterranean water signal, a water mass which originates in the Mediterranean and exits through the Straits of Gibraltar.

CTD profile at 2,916m

The only surface animals spotted on Monday night were two garfish.


Blog composed by John Power, Catherine O'Sullivan and Fergal Glynn.

Birds on Ireland's Frontier

We were going to tweet on our progress so far, but after a flying start, things have taken a tern for the worse...

Here's a brief overview of the trip:

Of the seven seabird species recorded, Gannet and Kittiwake have been the most abundant, as expected. The greatest concentrations appear to occur at the top of the shelf edge where upwellings create productive feeding zones. At some of these points we have been lucky enough to observe the birds associating with groups of Common Dolphins, Bottlenose Dolphins & Pilot Whales.

A young Kittiwake (C) Lilian Lieber

An oiled adult Kittiwake (C) Derek McLoughlin

All this activity has not gone unnoticed, with Great Skuas making themselves surprisingly well known. Up to 185 of these pelagic pirates have been ever present & have been noted chasing unsuspecting Kittiwakes. Although this is the first survey in the general area, densities of Great Skuas are a lot higher than expected. Additional survey detections of particular note were a single early-season Manx Shearwater & several young (1st-winter) Gannets, both of which would normally be associated with warmer climes at this time of year.

Great Skua (C) Lilian Lieber

A young (1st-winter) Gannet (C) Lilian Lieber

Fulmars have been rather scarce so far but the inclusion of 5 'Blue' birds from populations breeding in northern latitudes have been a welcome sight. Lesser Black-backed Gulls are currently making their way north from wintering grounds in The Mediterranean and a small number of adult birds have been recorded trailing the R.V. Celtic Explorer. Survey conditions have been exceptionally calm for February in the North Atlantic, allowing the perfect opportunity to detect Puffins, of which we have recorded 18 individuals.

'Blue' Fulmar (C) Lilian Lieber

The aim of the seabird element of the Cetaceans of the Frontier III expedition is to characterise seabird populations at the most southern part of Ireland's national territory & contribute towards the Irish national biological database. However, at almost 350km offshore & 3km deep, the call of a Skylark was certainly not expected. Two larks appeared alongside the vessel as well as a single Starling & 2 Lapwing, all of which looked slightly out of their depth...migration in action!

Lapwing (C) Lilian Lieber

Skylark (C) Lilian Lieber

Blog composed by Niall Keogh, Derek McLoughlin, Jackie Hunt & Eamonn O'Sullivan (Seabird survey team).

Day 4: From Above to Beyond the Depths

The Bird Team had quite a successful day with over 600 individual sightings recorded. These included 2 blue fulmars, approximately 87 great skuas, numerous gannets, kittiwakes, fulmars, and less black-headed gulls. Last night the Zooplankton Team covered 5 stations with the deepest CTD launched to 2,187m. Very similar species were found in the shallower depths as the previous night. Two small deep dermsal fish and cornate jellyfish were also found. An interesting find was seeing 50+ garfish feeding on gobies under the lights near the surface as well as some metre long squid. Tonight this team hopes to conduct 4 more stations and reach the depth of 3,000m.

Our current position is 158 nautical miles off Ireland, 196 nautical miles off Land's End, England and 240 nautical miles off France. A distance of 100 nautical miles was covered by the hydrophone today and it is this same trackline where the CTDs and plankton hauls will be launched tonight.

Blog done by Teresa Martin 

Day 4. Bottlenose dolphins on the Frontier

After just three days of surveying, the team put down a very significant day.  The morning started off quiet but reached a climax when Randal and Roisin spotted a large group of bottlenose dolphins at the shelf break.

Suveyors tracking bottlenose dolphins from the crow's nest

 A quick decision was made to launch the RIB to attempt to obtain biopsy samples, one of the primary aims of the cruise.  Despite the swell, sharp eyes and clear direction from the mother-ship successfully led the RIB to the dolphins and the team managed to take the first ever bottlenose dolphin biopsy samples in Irish offshore waters (indeed to our knowledge, of any species). 

R.V. Celtic Explorer near the King Arthur Canyon (C) Joanne O'Brien

Additionally, 10 new individuals were added to the Irish bottlenose dolphin catalogue.  This is a great accomplishment and shows that biopsy and photo-id using a rib launched from a research vessel in offshore waters is feasible in Ireland, even in February..... 

Bottlenose dolphins surfacing at speed (C) Joanne O'Brien

The Marine Institute annual shiptime fund enables us to continue this research which helps Ireland to meet requirments under the EU Habitats Directive.  A productive day on the bird front with a staggering 87 great skuas, hundreds of gannets (including first winter birds, unusually far north for the time of year), kittwakes, lesser black-backed gulls and fulmars (including two "blue" morphs). The planktonologists reported a spectacular light show from a sample of deep-sea zooplankton biomluminescing in a dark room in the wetlab. They also saw garfish and a very large (as opposed to Giant) squid, estimated at 1 metre at the surface while hauling their nets - attracted by the ship's flood lights. The mauve stinger (Pelagia notciluca) remains elusive.


More bottlenose dolphins offshore (C) Joanne O'Brien



R.V. Celtic Explorer as seen from the IWDG RIB Muc Mhara (C) Joanne O'Brien



Day 4: Birding Frenzy

It has been quiet this morning for the Cetacean team with only a few sightings of common dolphins, although one of these were of 60 individuals. These sightings were also acoustically dectected by the  PAM (passive acoustic monitioring) Team. The Bird Team on the other hand have been quite busy indeed with over 60 sightings so far, ranging from gannets to great skuas. The weather conditions started off as overcast but now the sun is shining with a sea state of 4 and swell height of 2m+. The Zooplankton Team covered 5 stations last night and had many interesting species including 2 garfish.

Check back for more updates around 8pm tonight.

Blog done by Teresa Martin